What Happened on September 2

Aviation Safety

1998 — Swissair Jet Crashes Off Nova Scotia, 229 Dead

Smoke in the cockpit preceded the loss of contact with the McDonnell Douglas MD-11, which plunged into the Atlantic about 10 kilometers southwest of the village shortly after 10 p.m., killing 215 passengers and 14 crew.

Two hundred twenty-nine people died when Swissair Flight 111 crashed into the ocean off Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia, tonight, making it the deadliest aviation accident in Canadian history.

The McDonnell Douglas MD-11, en route from New York to Geneva, plummeted into the Atlantic about 10 kilometers southwest of the fishing village shortly after 10 p.m. local time. All 215 passengers and 14 crew members perished.

Search vessels and aircraft from Canadian Forces Base Shearwater raced to the crash site in St. Margaret's Bay as dawn broke. Recovery crews reported debris scattered across a wide area and confirmed no survivors.

Swissair, the national carrier of Switzerland, expressed shock and announced it would dispatch officials to assist families. The aircraft had declared an emergency due to smoke in the cockpit before contact was lost.

Peggy's Cove, a tourist destination known for its lighthouse, became the center of an international recovery operation.

• Swissair Flight 111 crashes near Peggy's Cove, Nova Scotia; all 229 people on board are killed.

Source: Wikipedia — Swissair Flight 111

Heritage Loss

2018 — Fire Devours Brazil's National Museum in Rio

The 1818-founded Rio museum, steward of 20 million items, lost its 200-year-old palace and the 12,000-year-old Luzia Woman to flames after hydrants failed.

A massive fire destroyed most of the Paço de São Cristóvão, which houses the National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro on Sunday night.

The blaze consumed the 200-year-old former imperial palace, home to archaeological and anthropological treasures including the 12,000-year-old remains of Luzia Woman, Marajoara vases, and Egyptian mummies. Flames consumed the roof as firefighters struggled with hydrants that reportedly failed.

Founded in 1818, the museum held 20 million items spanning paleontology, ethnography, and natural history.

• National Museum of Brazil fire, A massive fire destroys most of the Paço de São Cristóvão, which houses the National Museum of Brazil, in Rio de Janeiro. The museum holds important archaeοlogical and anthropological objects, including the remains of the Luzia Woman, Marajoara vases and Egyptian mummies.

Source: Wikipedia — National Museum of Brazil fire

Storm Damage

1935 — Labor Day Hurricane Kills 400 on Florida Keys

The Category 5 storm, with winds above 160 miles per hour, killed at least 400 on the Florida Keys today.

Houses flattened and palm trees uprooted on Long Key marked the path of the Labor Day Hurricane, the most intense storm ever to strike the United States, which made landfall today killing at least 400.

The unnamed Category 5 hurricane, with winds estimated above 160 miles per hour, slammed the Florida Keys this afternoon. The death toll is expected to rise as rescue parties reach isolated areas.

• The Labor Day Hurricane, the most intense hurricane to strike the United States, makes landfall at Long Key, Florida, killing at least 400.

Source: Wikipedia — 1935 Labor Day hurricane

Maritime Safety

2019 — California Dive Boat Fire Kills 34 Off Santa Cruz Island

The 75-foot vessel burned before dawn while anchored about 20 miles off the Santa Barbara coast, killing 33 passengers and one crew member below deck while five crew members sleeping above survived.

The worst maritime disaster in modern California history claimed 34 lives when the dive boat MV Conception caught fire and sank near Santa Cruz Island early this morning.

The 75-foot vessel burned before dawn while anchored off the north shore of the island, about 20 miles from the Santa Barbara coast. Five crew members sleeping on deck survived; all 33 passengers and one crew member below deck perished.

• The dive boat MV Conception catches fire and sinks near Santa Cruz Island, killing 34.

Source: Wikipedia — Sinking of MV Conception

Imperial Rome

-31 — Octavian's Fleet Crushes Antony, Cleopatra at Actium

Octavian's ships defeated Antony and Cleopatra in the waters off Actium, destroying the rival naval power and sealing the alliance's fate.

In the twilight of Rome's republican centuries, when generals commanded private armies and the Mediterranean was a prize for rival warlords, the forces of Octavian met the combined fleets of Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the waters off Actium. Octavian's ships defeated the opposing force in the decisive engagement of the Final War of the Roman Republic. The battle, fought off the western coast of Greece, destroyed Antony's naval power and sealed the fate of the doomed alliance.

• Final War of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium: Off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian defeat troops under Mark Antony and Cleopatra.

Source: Wikipedia — War of Actium

Atlantic Weather

2019 — Dorian Slams Bahamas as Cat 5; Five Dead, 'Total Devastation'

Hurricane Dorian, a category 5 hurricane, devastates the Bahamas, killing at least five.

Hurricane Dorian parked over the Bahamas as a category 5 storm Monday, flattening neighborhoods and killing at least five people with what the prime minister called "total devastation." The storm's 185 mph winds shredded Grand Bahama and Abaco, trapping residents in flooding homes. "We are in the midst of a historic tragedy," Prime Minister Hubert Minnis said. Dorian stalled for more than 24 hours, complicating rescue efforts.

• Hurricane Dorian, a category 5 hurricane, devastates the Bahamas, killing at least five.

Source: Wikipedia — Hurricane Dorian

City of London

1666 — Fire Razes London: 70,000 Homeless, Cathedral Falls

The blaze that began in Pudding Lane consumed four-fifths of the city's dwellings.

Seventy thousand of London's eighty thousand inhabitants lost their homes when a fire broke out in Pudding Lane shortly after midnight Thursday and burned for five days. The conflagration started in Thomas Farriner's bakery and spread unchecked through the wooden city. Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth hesitated to order firebreaks until Thursday night, allowing flames to reach St Paul's Cathedral and leap the River Fleet toward Whitehall Palace.

• The fire started shortly after midnight on Sunday 2 September 1666 in Thomas Farriner's bakery on Pudding Lane.
• Firefighting was delayed by the hesitation of Lord Mayor Sir Thomas Bloodworth, who did not order firebreaks until Sunday night.
• The fire destroyed St Paul's Cathedral and leaped the River Fleet, threatening Charles II's court at Whitehall Palace.
• The fire was halted by a dropped east wind and the Tower of London garrison using gunpowder to create effective firebreaks.
• Pudding Lane was named by butchers of Eastcheap Market who used it to transport offal to waste barges on the Thames.

Source: Wikipedia — Great Fire of London

Yokohama & Tokyo

1923 — Massacres of Koreans and Chinese Follow 1923 Kantō Quake

Rumors of sabotage sparked weeks of lynch-mob killings across the region.

Lynch mobs of Japanese have killed thousands of Korean and Chinese civilians over several weeks following the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. The attackers acted on rumors that Koreans conducted sabotage. Killings began in the disaster's aftermath and spread across the Kantō region. The government has acknowledged no official toll.

• Kantō Massacre: Amid rumors that Koreans had been conducting acts of sabotage in the aftermath of the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, lynch mobs of Japanese begin massacring thousands of civilians over the course of several weeks, mainly ethnic minorities such as Koreans and Chinese.

Source: Wikipedia — Kantō Massacre

From the Convention

1792 — Mobs Kill 200 Priests, Three Bishops and Royalist Prisoners in Paris Streets

The September Massacres of 1792 claimed over two hundred clergy and unknown numbers of imprisoned suspects.

The Abbaye prison stank of powder and panic when the killing began. For three days, rampaging mobs have slaughtered three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers in what survivors already call the September Massacres. The violence erupted as Prussian armies advance on the capital. Revolutionary committees sanctioned the killings as necessary security. Bodies piled in courtyards while cart drivers refused burial duty. The Convention meets in emergency session.

• During what became known as the September Massacres of the French Revolution, rampaging mobs slaughter three Roman Catholic bishops, more than two hundred priests, and prisoners believed to be royalist sympathizers.

Source: Wikipedia — September Massacres

Telegraphic Intelligence

1859 — Telegraph Wires Fail Worldwide as Unprecedented Solar Storm Strikes Earth

The Carrington Event stands as the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.

Operators from Boston to Bombay found their needles frozen or wildly dancing, unable to transmit the merest dot. The Carrington Event, the strongest geomagnetic storm on record, has crippled the electric telegraph networks that bind the civilized world.

Richard Carrington of the Royal Observatory first spotted the solar flare. Within eighteen hours, auroras blazed in tropical skies. Fires erupted from charged equipment.

• The Carrington Event is the strongest geomagnetic storm on record.

Source: Wikipedia — Carrington Event

Pacific Affairs

1945 — Ho Chi Minh Declares Independent Vietnam Republic

Communist chief proclaims new state in Hanoi, cites revolutionary precedents

HANOI, Sept. 2. Communist leader Ho Chi Minh today proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, seizing the moment after the end of the Nguyễn dynasty. His declaration cited American and French revolutionary precedents. The proclamation marks Vietnam's first bid for independence from foreign dominion in decades.

• Communist leader Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after the end of the Nguyễn dynasty.

Source: Wikipedia — Ho Chi Minh

Bay Area Infrastructure

2013 — New Bay Bridge Span Opens Tonight at 10:15

The $6.4 billion Eastern span replacement opens after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged the old span.

Governor Jerry Brown pulled the ceremonial lever, and traffic flowed across the $6.4 billion Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge at 10:15 pm Monday. The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake had damaged the old span.

The new bridge features a single-tower suspension design.

• The Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge opens at 10:15 pm at a cost of $6.4 billion, after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake damaged the old span.

Source: Wikipedia — Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge

Tokyo Bay

1945 — Japan Signs Surrender Aboard Missouri, Ending World War II

The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed September 2, 1945 on the deck of the U.S. Navy battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.

World War II ended this morning with the stroke of a pen. The Missouri, commissioned only last year, lay at anchor in the gray waters off Yokosuka as the documents changed hands. Allied commanders stood in dress whites on her teak deck, the Stars and Stripes hanging at the stern above the spot where the signatures were affixed.

• The Japanese Instrument of Surrender was signed on the deck of the U.S. Navy battleship Missouri in Tokyo Bay.
• The signing formally ended World War II, with Japan complying with the Potsdam Declaration of the Allies.
• Missouri is an Iowa-class battleship, the last battleship commissioned by the United States, completed in 1944.
• The surrender ceremony occurred on September 2, 1945, after Emperor Hirohito announced Japan's surrender on August 15.

Source: Wikipedia — Surrender of Japan