What Happened on September 4

Silicon Valley Beat

1998 — Stanford Duo Launches Google Search Engine

Two 25-year-old Stanford doctoral candidates unveiled a search engine this week that indexes 24 million web pages, backed by $100,000 in seed funding.

Two computer science doctoral candidates in a cluttered Stanford office have unleashed what they claim is a fundamentally better way to find information on the World Wide Web.

Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both 25, unveiled Google this week, a search engine they built in their dorm rooms that ranks web pages by analyzing the relationships between them. The pair developed the technology, which they call PageRank, over three years of research at Stanford.

Google, named after the mathematical term "googol," already indexes 24 million web pages. Page and Brin have secured $100,000 in seed funding from Sun Microsystems co-founder Andy Bechtolsheim.

• Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two PhD students at Stanford University.

Source: Wikipedia — Google

Munich Olympic Bureau

1972 — Spitz Makes History with Seven Gold Medals at Munich Games

Mark Spitz becomes the first competitor to win seven medals at a single Olympic Games in 1972.

No athlete had ever dominated an Olympics like this. Mark Spitz, the 22-year-old American swimmer from Modesto, California, completed his unprecedented sweep Monday by winning his seventh gold medal at the XX Olympiad in Munich, a feat never before achieved in a single Games. Spitz captured gold in the 100-meter butterfly, 100-meter freestyle, 200-meter butterfly, 200-meter freestyle, 4x100 freestyle relay, 4x200 freestyle relay, and 4x100 medley relay. He set world records in all seven events.

• Mark Spitz becomes the first competitor to win seven medals at a single Olympic Games.

Source: Wikipedia — Mark Spitz

The Frontier Desk

1886 — Geronimo Surrenders to Miles, Ending Apache Wars

In 1886, after almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrendered to General Nelson Miles in Arizona.

The long and bloody chapter of Apache resistance in the American Southwest drew to a close today with the surrender of the Chiricahua war leader Geronimo to United States forces under Brigadier General Nelson A. Miles.

Geronimo, whose band of 38 warriors had eluded capture for five months through the mountains of Arizona and Mexico, laid down his arms at Skeleton Canyon.

• American Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo, with his remaining warriors, surrenders to General Nelson Miles in Arizona.

Source: Wikipedia — American Indian Wars

Ravenna Dispatch

476 — Odoacer Deposes Romulus Augustulus, Ends Western Empire

In 476, Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, proclaiming himself King of Italy.

Romulus Augustulus, boy emperor of the Western Romans, has been stripped of his purple by the Germanic chieftain Odoacer, who seized Ravenna and now styles himself King of Italy.

The deposition in 476 ends the Western Roman Empire after nearly five centuries of rule.

• Odoacer deposed Emperor Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, in 476.
• The Roman Senate sent the imperial insignia to the Eastern Roman emperor Zeno after the deposition.
• By 476, the Western Roman Emperor wielded negligible military, political, or financial power.
• Odoacer was a Germanic barbarian king who captured Ravenna to end the Western Empire.

Source: Wikipedia — Romulus Augustulus

Southern Desk

1957 — Faubus Sends Guard to Block Nine Black Students at Little Rock High

1957: Governor deploys Arkansas National Guard to enforce segregation at Central High.

Nine became zero at the schoolhouse door.

Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard this morning to prevent nine African-American students from entering Little Rock Central High School. The nine students—Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo Beals—were turned away by a line of soldiers.

• Governor Orval Faubus deployed the Arkansas National Guard on September 4, 1957, to block nine black students from entering Little Rock Central High School.
• The nine students, known as the Little Rock Nine, included Ernest Green, Elizabeth Eckford, Jefferson Thomas, Terrence Roberts, Carlotta Walls LaNier, Minnijean Brown, Gloria Ray Karlmark, Thelma Mothershed, and Melba Pattillo Beals.
• President Dwight D. Eisenhower issued Executive Order 10730, federalizing the Arkansas National Guard and ordering them to support integration on September 23, 1957.
• Mayor Woodrow Wilson Mann of Little Rock asked President Eisenhower to send federal troops, leading to the deployment of the 101st Airborne Division on September 24, 1957.
• Elizabeth Eckford recalled the sight of a line of soldiers blocking the students, which made national headlines and polarized the nation.

Source: Wikipedia — Orval Faubus

London Chronicle

1666 — Great Fire Consumes London in Third Day of Ruin

1666: The most destructive damage from the Great Fire of London occurred.

The Great Fire of London reached its peak of devastation this day, the third of its raging.

Flames consumed the city across the river as crowds fled in boats. The destruction proved the most destructive yet seen in the capital, leveling vast stretches of timber and thatch.

From this ruin rose a transformation: insurance companies later established firefighting units to protect their insured buildings.

• The Great Fire of London spurred insurance companies to establish firefighting units to protect their insured buildings.
• The London Fire Engine Establishment was formed on 1 January 1833 under James Braidwood, with 80 firefighters and 13 fire stations.
• The Monument to the Great Fire of London is located in the City of London.

Source: Wikipedia — Great Fire of London

New Spain Gazette

1781 — Spanish Colonists Found Los Angeles on California Coast

Forty-four settlers dispatched from Mission San Gabriel establish village near Porciúncula River.

El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles welcomed its first dawn this day. Forty-four Spanish settlers founded the village, establishing Spain's claim to California's fertile coast. The expedition came from Mission San Gabriel and selected ground near the Porciúncula River. Colonists from Mexican presidios and mission settlements laid out house lots around a central plaza.

• Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de los Ángeles (The Village of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels) by 44 Spanish settlers.

Source: Wikipedia — Pueblo de Los Ángeles

Electrical Age

1882 — Pearl Street Station Lights New York as First Commercial Power Plant in Operation

1882: Edison's plant becomes the first to supply electricity to paying customers.

The age of paid electric light has begun.

The Pearl Street Station in New York City became today the first power plant to supply electricity to paying customers. Thomas Edison's system, centered on the station at 255-257 Pearl Street, now serves subscribers in the surrounding district.

• The Pearl Street Station in New York City becomes the first power plant to supply electricity to paying customers.

Source: Wikipedia — Pearl Street Station

Southwestern Frontier

1813 — Major General Jackson Wounded in Nashville Tavern Affray

A pistol ball extracted from Jackson's left arm after a violent public-house altercation with his aide-de-camp leaves the Tennessee militia commander's recovery uncertain.

In this season of war against the British and their Indian allies, the rude customs of the frontier have once again intruded upon the ranks of our commanders. Major General Andrew Jackson, lately appointed to head the Tennessee militia, lies grievously wounded at Nashville, having received a ball in the left arm during a violent altercation in a public house.

The dispute arose between General Jackson and young Thomas Hart Benton, a lawyer of rising note who serves as aide-de-camp to the general. Words turned to blows, and blows to pistol fire. Surgeons have extracted the ball, though with such mangling of the limb that Jackson's recovery remains uncertain.

• Future US President Andrew Jackson was shot and severely injured in a tavern brawl with future US Senator Thomas Hart Benton.

Source: Wikipedia — Andrew Jackson

Molecular Sciences

1985 — Rice Team Isolates Buckyball, New Form of Carbon-60

A Rice team has isolated a hollow sphere of carbon atoms arranged like a geodesic dome.

Richard Smalley and his collaborators at Rice University have isolated a novel molecular structure of pure carbon, a hollow sphere of sixty atoms arranged in the pattern of a geodesic dome.

The team named the substance Buckminsterfullerene, honoring the architect R. Buckminster Fuller, whose domes anticipated its geometry.

• The discovery of Buckminsterfullerene, the first fullerene molecule of carbon.

Source: Wikipedia — Buckminsterfullerene

Santiago Bureau

1970 — Allende Wins Chile Presidency in Historic Vote

Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile.

Salvador Allende, the Socialist physician who has sought the office three times before, has at last been elected President of Chile by congressional vote, becoming the first Marxist head of state chosen by free ballot in the Americas. Congress confirmed his narrow plurality after weeks of tense negotiations. His Popular Unity coalition now faces a divided legislature. Supporters gathered in Santiago's Plaza Bulnes until after midnight.

• Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile.

Source: Wikipedia — Salvador Allende

Industrial Patents

1888 — Eastman Registers Kodak, Patents Roll-Film Camera

George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak and receives a patent for his camera that uses roll film.

George Eastman has registered the trademark Kodak and received a patent for his camera that uses roll film.

The Rochester manufacturer thus secures protection for both name and mechanism in the burgeoning field of amateur photography.

• George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak and receives a patent for his camera that uses roll film.

Source: Wikipedia — George Eastman

London Publishing

1956 — Lewis Ends Narnia Saga With 'Last Battle' Release

The Bodley Head has published the concluding novel of C.S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia series.

A lion roars for the last time today on British bookshelves. C.S. Lewis has released The Last Battle, the concluding novel of his Chronicles of Narnia series, through The Bodley Head.

• The Last Battle was published by The Bodley Head in 1956.
• The novel won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association for the year's best children's book by a British subject.
• The book was illustrated by Pauline Baynes, whose work has been retained in many later editions.
• The story concludes with the termination of the Narnia world by Aslan after a 'last battle' that is practically lost.
• Macmillan US published an American edition of The Last Battle within the calendar year of 1956.

Source: Wikipedia — The Chronicles of Narnia